Malware is an umbrella term for malicious software that has been developed to carry out unwanted or harmful actions on IT systems. The word “malware” is derived from the English terms “malicious” and “software” and refers to a variety of harmful programs that aim to steal data, damage systems, spy on users or disrupt the operation of computers.
Types of malware
Malware comprises various types that differ in the way they work and their damage potential:
- Viruses: A virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to an existing file or program and spreads when the user opens or executes this file. Viruses can delete files, slow down systems or steal information.
- Worms: Worms are similar to viruses, but can spread independently by exploiting security gaps in networks. They often cause high data traffic and can paralyze systems by overloading them.
- Trojans: A Trojan disguises itself as legitimate software or a file, but carries out malicious actions in the background as soon as it is downloaded and installed. Trojans can open backdoors into the system through which attackers can infiltrate further malware.
- Spyware: Spyware, or spy software, secretly monitors the user’s behavior and collects information such as passwords or surfing habits. This information is often passed on to third parties.
- Ransomware: This type of malware encrypts a user’s files or blocks access to the system and demands a ransom to unblock access.
- Adware: Adware displays unwanted advertising and can monitor the user’s surfing habits. Although it is less dangerous, it can significantly impair the performance of the system.
- Rootkits: Rootkits hide deep in the operating system and allow attackers long-term access to the system, often without the user noticing. They are often used for espionage and manipulation.
How malware works and how it spreads
Malware is usually spread via phishing emails, malicious websites, software downloads from unsafe sources or infected USB sticks. It can cause damage in a variety of ways, from stealing personal data and manipulating system functions to blocking or destroying files. Some malware programs are designed to hide and work unnoticed, while others cause immediate disruption.
Risks and effects of malware
Malware can have serious consequences for both companies and private individuals:
- Data theft and identity misuse: Many types of malware aim to steal sensitive data, which can lead to the misuse of personal information.
- Financial losses: Malware that intercepts bank data or is used for billing fraud can lead to significant financial losses.
- System outages: Some malware can bring a company’s entire IT system to a standstill, often resulting in lost sales and a damaged reputation.
- Compromising privacy: Spyware in particular can disclose user data and behavioral patterns, thereby violating the user’s privacy.
Prevention and protection against malware
Some proven protective measures against malware include:
- Antivirus and anti-malware software: These programs detect and remove malware and often provide real-time protection against new threats.
- Regular software updates: Security gaps in operating systems and applications are often closed by updates, which means that malware has less of a target.
- Be careful with email attachments and links: Phishing is a common infection route for malware. Users should be careful with attachments and links from unknown sources.
- Back up important data: Regular backups are the best protection against data loss due to malware. This means that data can be restored even after an attack.
- Security awareness and training: Employees in companies should be informed about cyber threats and trained to recognize phishing attacks and other malware threats at an early stage.
In summary, malware is a widespread threat that comes in many forms and has different targets. A comprehensive approach that combines security software, regular updates and conscious user behavior can help to significantly reduce the risk of malware infections.